View source for Kanada (philosopher)


{{Infobox philosopher
| name             = Kanada
| birth_date       = unclear, 6th – 2nd Century BCE
| school_tradition = [[Vaisheshika]]  school of Hinduism
| notable_ideas    = Atomism
}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}

'''Kanada''' ([[Sanskrit]]: कणाद, [[IAST]]: Kaṇāda), also known as '''Kashyapa''', '''Uluka''', '''Kananda''' and '''Kanabhuk''',{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=175}}{{Sfn|Riepe|1961|p=228 with footnote 12}} was an [[India]]n sage and philosopher who founded the [[Vaisheshika]] school of [[Indian philosophy]].{{Sfn| Bart Labuschagne| Timo Slootweg|2012|p=60, Quote: "Kanada, a Hindu sage who lived either around the 6th or 2nd century BCE, and who founded the philosophical school of Vaisheshika.}}{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|pp=98-99}}

Estimated to have lived sometime between 6th century to 2nd century BCE, little is known about his life.{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|pp=98-99}}<ref>Oliver Leaman (1999), ''Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy.'' Routledge, ISBN 978-0415173629, page 269</ref><ref>J Ganeri (2012), The Self: Naturalism, Consciousness, and the First-Person Stance, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199652365</ref> His traditional name "Kanada" means "atom eater",{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|p=99}} and he is known for developing the foundations of an atomistic naturalism Indian philosophy in the Sanskrit text ''[[Vaisheshika Sutra]]''.{{Sfn|Riepe|1961| pp=227-229}}<ref name="Sinha">[https://archive.org/stream/thevaiasesikasut00kanauoft/thevaiasesikasut00kanauoft_djvu.txt "The Vaisesika sutras of Kanada. Translated by Nandalal Sinha"] Full Text at archive.org</ref> His text is also known as ''Kanada Sutras'', or Aphorisms of Kanada.{{Sfn|Riepe|1961|p=229}}

The school founded by Kanada attempted to explain the creation and existence of the universe by proposing an atomistic theory, applying logic and realism, and is among one of the earliest known systematic realist [[ontology]] in human history.{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|p=98}} Kanada suggested that everything can be subdivided, but this subdivision cannot go on forever, and there must be smallest entities (''parmanu'') that cannot be divided, that are eternal, that aggregate in different ways to yield complex substances and bodies with unique identity, a process that involves heat, and this is the basis for all material existence.{{Sfn|H. Margenau|2012|p=xxx-xxxi}}{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|pp=100-102}} He used these ideas with the concept of [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul, Self) to develop a non-theistic means to [[moksha]].<ref>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC |year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|pages=729–731}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=177-186}} Kanada's ideas were influential on other schools of Hinduism, and over its history became closely associated with the [[Nyaya]] school of Hindu philosophy.{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|p=98}}

==Etymology and nomenclature==
The name Kaṇāda, states Jeaneane Fowler, is a compound of Sanskrit roots ''Kaṇa'' and ''ad'', which respectively mean "atom, particle, grain" and "to eat". Thus his popular traditional name means "atom eater".{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|p=99}}{{Sfn|Riepe|1961|p=229}}

Kanada was influential in Indian philosophies, and he appears in various texts by alternate names such as Kashyapa, Uluka, Kananda, Kanabhuk among others.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=175}}{{Sfn|Riepe|1961|p=228 with footnote 12}} In [[Jainism]] literature, he is affectionately referred to as ''Sad-uluka'', which means "the Uluka who propounded the doctrine of six categories".{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|p=54}} His Vaisheshika philosophy similarly appears with alternate names, such as "Aulukya philosophy" derived from the nickname Uluka (literally owl, or grain eater in the night).{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|p=54}}{{refn|group=note|A legend in the Hindu tradition states that ascetic scholar Kanada would spend all day in his studies and in meditation, eat only once every night like an owl.{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|p=99}}}}

==Date==
The century in which Kanada lived is unclear and have been a subject of a long debate.{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|p=98}} In his review of 1961, Riepe states Kanada lived sometime before 300 CE, but convincing evidence to firmly put him in a certain century remains elusive.{{Sfn|Riepe|1961|pp=228-229}}

The ''Vaisheshika Sutras'' mention competing schools of Indian philosophy such as Samkhya and Mimamsa,{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|p=54}} but make no mention of Buddhism, which has led scholars in more recent publications to posit estimates of 6th to 2nd century BCE.{{Sfn| Bart Labuschagne| Timo Slootweg|2012|p=60, Quote: "Kanada, a Hindu sage who lived either around the 6th or 2nd century BCE, and who founded the philosophical school of Vaisheshika.}}{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|pp=98-99}}{{Sfn|H. Margenau|2012|p=xxx-xxxi}} The ''Vaisheshika Sutras'' manuscript has survived into the modern era in multiple versions and the discovery of newer manuscripts in different parts of India by Thakur in 1957 and Jambuvijayaji in 1961, followed by [[critical edition]] studies, suggest that the text attributed to Kanada was systematized and finalized sometime between 200 BCE and the start of the common era, with the possibility that its key doctrines may be much older.{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|p=54}}{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|pp=98-99}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Wilhelm Halbfass|title=On Being and What There Is: Classical Vaisesika and the History of Indian Ontology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7cLHPj1dj8C |year=1992|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1178-0|pages=79–80}}</ref> Multiple Hindu texts dated to the 1st and 2nd century CE, such as the ''Mahavibhasa'' and ''Jnanaprasthana'' from the [[Kushan Empire]], quote and comment on Kanada's doctrines.{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|p=55}} His ideas are also mentioned in Buddhist texts attributed to [[Aśvaghoṣa]] of the same period.{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|p=55}}

==Ideas==
{{expand section|date=August 2016}}
The ideas of Kanada span a wide range of fields, and they influenced not only philosophy, but possibly scholars in other fields such as Charaka who wrote a medical text that has survived as ''[[Charaka Samhita]]''.{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|pp=55-56}}

Kanada begins his famed [[Sutra]]s by defining Dharma as that which brings about material progress and highest good.{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|pp=55-56}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Purusottama Bilimoria|author2=Joseph Prabhu|author3=Renuka M. Sharma|title=Indian Ethics: Classical traditions and contemporary challenges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g78Cw4xQmsMC |year=2007|publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-7546-3301-3|page=76}}, Quote: "Kanada's Vaisesikasutra: dharma is that from which prosperity and the highest good come about."</ref> He follows this Sutra with another that asserts that the Vedas have gained respect because they teach such Dharma, and something is not Dharma simply because it is in the Vedas.{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|pp=55-56}}

{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=240
| image1 = (A) Hindu puja, yajna, yagna, Havanam in progress.jpg | width1=2339|height1=3685
| image2 = Feeling magnetic attraction.jpg |width2=2575|height2=2000
| image3 = Thunderstorm on River Ganga.jpg |width3=1280|height3=720
| image4 = (Canavalia lineata) sprout at Madhurawada.JPG |  width4=2960 |height4=1665
| footer = Kanada makes empirical observations such as the rising upwards of fire, magnetic movement, rain and thunder, the growth of grass, and attempts to offer naturalistic explanations to them in his text ''Vaisheshika Sutra''.{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|p=57}}
}}
Kanada and early Vaisheshika scholars were non-theistic.<ref name="SiemensRoodt2008"/> However, this was not unusual for his times since several major early versions of Hindu philosophies such as Samkhya, Nyaya, Mimamsa along with sub-schools of Yoga and Vedanta, as well as non-Vedic schools such as Jainism and Buddhism, were similarly non-theistic.<ref>{{cite book|author=Surendranath Dasgupta|title= A History of Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC |year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0412-8 |pages=281–285 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Roy W. Perrett |title=Philosophy of Religion: Indian Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sf9XAQAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-70329-5 |pages=xiii–xiv}}</ref> Kanada was among the sages of India who believed in man's potential to understand existence and reach [[moksha]] on his own, without God, a notion of ancient Indians summarized by Nietzsche as the belief that "with piety and knowledge of the Veda, nothing is impossible".<ref name="SiemensRoodt2008">{{cite book|author1=Herman Siemens|author2=Vasti Roodt|title=Nietzsche, Power and Politics: Rethinking Nietzsche's Legacy for Political Thought|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L2sEL7Kj6lcC| year=2008| publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-021733-9|pages=578–579}}</ref>

===Observations and theories===
In the fifth chapter of Vaisheshika Sutra, Kanada mentions various empirical observations and natural phenomena such as the falling of objects to ground, rising of fire and heat upwards, the growth of grass upwards, the nature of rainfall and thunderstorms, the flow of liquids, the movement towards a magnet among many others, asks why these things happen, then attempts to integrate his observations with his theories on atoms, molecules and their interaction. He classifies observed events into two: those caused by volition, and those caused by subject-object conjunctions.{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|p=57}}<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/thevaiasesikasut00kanauoft#page/296/mode/2up The Vaisesika Sutras of Kanada], pagez 152-166, Translated by Nandalal Sinha (note this translation is of the old disputed manuscript, not critical edition)</ref><ref name=wells>John Wells (2009), [http://darshanapress.com/The%20Vaisheshika%20Darshana.pdf The Vaisheshika Darshana], Darshana Press, Chapter 5 verses (main and appendix), critical edition</ref>

===The concept of anu (atom)===
{{Quote box
 |quote  = '''Vaisheshika Darshana'''<br>
[[Dharma]] is that through which there is the accomplishment of rising to the unsurpassed good. Because it is an exposition of that, it has the authority of [[Veda]]. – ''Vaisheshika Sutras 1.1-2''<br><br>
(...) That there is only one individual (soul) is known from the absence of particularity when it comes to the emergence of understanding of happiness and suffering, (whereas) a multiplicity of individuals is inferred from their perseverance in dharma, and from the strength of their teaching. – ''Vaisheshika Sutras 3.16-18''<br><br>
The true being is eternal, having no cause. Its indicator is its effect. The presence of the effect arises from the presence of its cause. – ''Vaisheshika Sutras 4.1-3''
 |source = —Kaṇāda, Translated by John Wells<ref>John Wells (2009), [http://darshanapress.com/The%20Vaisheshika%20Darshana.pdf The Vaisheshika Darshana], Darshana Press</ref><ref>For Sanskrit and an alternate translation: Debasish Chakravarty (2003), Vaisesika Sutra of Kanada, DK Printworld, ISBN 978-8124602294</ref>
 |width=33%
 |bgcolor=#FFE0BB
 |align  = right
}}
Kanada came up with the idea that anu ([[atom]]) was an indestructible particle of matter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umassd.edu/media/umassdartmouth/centerforindicstudies/chemistry_vedic.pdf |title=Use of Chemistry to Understand Vedic Knowledge |author=Bal Ram Singh |year=2003 |work= |publisher=Center for Indic studies, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth |accessdate=29 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109201742/http://www.umassd.edu/media/umassdartmouth/centerforindicstudies/chemistry_vedic.pdf |archivedate= 9 November 2013 |df= }}</ref> An interesting story states that this theory occurred to him while he was walking with food in his hand. As he nibbled at the food in his hand, throwing away the small particles, it occurred to him that he could not divide the food into further parts and thus the idea of a matter which cannot be divided further came into existence. He called that indivisible matter ''anu'', i.e. molecule, which was misinterpreted as atom. He also stated that ''anu'' can have two states — absolute rest and a state of motion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/roopa51.pdf|title=Space, Time and Anu in Vaisheshika|author=Roopa Narayan|date= |work= |publisher= Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA|accessdate=29 May 2013}}</ref>

Adherents of the school of philosophy founded by Kanada considered the [[atom]] to be indestructible, and hence eternal. They believed atoms to be minute objects invisible to the naked eye which come into being and vanish in an instant. Vaiseshikas further held that atoms of same substance combined with each other to produce dvyanuka ([[diatomic molecule]]s) and tryanuka ([[triatomic molecule]]s). Kanada also put forward the idea that atoms could be combined in various ways to produce chemical changes in presence of other factors such as heat. He gave blackening of earthern pot and ripening of fruit as examples of this phenomenon.<ref name="Kapoor">Kapoor, Subodh. The Indian Encyclopaedia, Volume 1. Cosmo Publications. P. 5643. ISBN 8177552570.</ref>

Kanada's conception of the [[atom]] was likely independent from the similar concept among the ancient Greeks, because of the differences between the theories.<ref name=edwardcraig199/> For example, Kanada suggested that atoms as building blocks differ both qualitatively and quantitatively, while Greeks suggested that atoms differed only quantitatively but not qualitatively.<ref name=edwardcraig199>{{cite book|author=Edward Craig|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Index|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FWa85vgoTQC |year=1998|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-18715-2|pages=198–199}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics]]
* [[List of Indian inventions and discoveries]]
* [[Aryabhata]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Perspectives_of_reality.html?id=PJbsAAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism|first=|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|year=2002|isbn=978-1-898723-93-6|location=|pages=|ref=harv|author=Jeaneane D. Fowler}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|author=H. Margenau|title=Physics and Philosophy: Selected Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfrtCAAAQBAJ |year=2012 |publisher=Springer Science |isbn=978-94-009-9845-2}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|author=Bimal Krishna Matilal|title=Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyJ--9uUtx0C |year=1977|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01807-4 }}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Riepe|first=Dale Maurice |title=Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZZGEhp8gasC |year=1961 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint 1996)|isbn=978-81-208-1293-2}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|author1=Bart Labuschagne|author2=Timo Slootweg|title=Hegel's Philosophy of the Historical Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHa3WiPqpiYC |year=2012|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-22618-4}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|first=Chandradhar|last= Sharma|title=A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3gQVd5WogsC |year=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0365-7}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/October2010/p905-925.pdf Early Atomism - Resonance magazine,Oct 2010]
* [http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/December2011/1132-1139.pdf The Development of the Concept of Atoms and Molecules - Resonance magazine, Dec 2011]
* [http://www.childrensbooktrust.com/books/info/sci.htm Scientists of India by Dilip M. Salwi - Children's Book Trust] - ISBN 81-7011-318-0, 2007

{{Rishis of Hindu mythology}}
{{Indian Philosophy}}
{{Hindudharma}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanada}}

{{Wikipedia2}}
[[Category:2nd-century BC philosophers]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian materialist philosophers]]
[[Category:Atomists]]
[[Category:Metaphysicians]]
[[Category:Hindu sages]]